![]() ![]() ![]() A number of short-range communication protocols have been widely applied, such as ZigBee. Secondly, the network layer enables the efficient and secure data transmission to corresponding data process units. In addition, smart homes are often frequently applied for sensing the information of the users’ immediate surroundings, such as the home conditions and the items used. The sensing layer is designated to observing the users’ health condition both physically, mentally, and emotionally thereby, a set of sensors can be embedded, for example, the wearable sensors such as ECG and blood pressure, to collect the biomedical parameters, the GPS sensor for positioning and localisation, and RFID for identification. A general architecture of IoT-enabled healthcare is illustrated in Fig. Hence, empowering the utility of IoT in healthcare, with interconnected medical sensors, especially wearable or implantable, is considered to be able to provide smart accurate and cost-effective personalised healthcare service. IoT emphasises the interconnection of all physical and digital items including sensors, smart devices, cyber sensors, and so much more, which allows the automatic and efficient data transmission and shared over the Internet. Such terms all differ with each other, whilst all are co-related. In the meantime, several phenomena have been risen, such as ambient assisted living (AAL), ubiquitous healthcare, and IoT for healthcare. To move forward, embedding modern information and communication technologies (ICT) in healthcare system is expected to deliver more effective and efficient healthcare services to patients with chronic disease and elderly. For example, China spent over 50 million Yuan on healthcare infrastructure in 2001, which was 4.58% of its total GDP, whilst the figure increased up to over 400 million Yuan in 2015, which account for approximately 6.05% of the total GDP. In parallel to this demographic time bomb, the cost of healthcare provision is increasing rapidly in all the nations across the world. ![]() Additionally, older people are more likely to suffer from chronic disease as part of the natural ageing process. However, this requires substantial improvement in both the healthcare service and the living environment, as older people generally require more healthcare than their younger counterparts. Life expectancy has increased dramatically, especially in the more affluent nations, which is set to be celebrated and should be viewed as an opportunity for people to live longer and better. Such demographic trends have significant implications for almost all areas of the society, particularly in health and healthcare. The size and composition of the world population has changed over the last couple of decades, and these trends are projected to continue. Whilst in WISE, data gathered from the BASN are directly transmitted to the cloud, and a lightweight wearable LCD can be embedded as an alternative solution for quick view of the real-time data. Secondly, the majority of existing wearable health monitoring systems requisite a smart phone as data processing, visualisation, and transmission gateway, which will indeed impact the normal daily use of the smart phone. Several wearable sensors have been embedded, including the heartbeat, body temperature, and the blood pressure sensors. WISE adopts the BASN (body area sensor network) framework in the support of real-time health monitoring. The main contribution of this paper include the following: firstly, this paper presents a novel system, the WISE (Wearable IoT-cloud-baSed hEalth monitoring system), for real-time personal health monitoring. ECG monitoring has been commonly adopted as vital approach for diagnosing heart disease. Meanwhile, body area sensor network (BASN) under the IoT framework has been widely applied for ubiquitous health monitoring, for example. From a technical perspective, the Internet of Things (IoT) is gaining a rapidly growing attention in many disciplines, especially in personalised healthcare. Sensing, remote health monitoring, and, ultimately, recognising activities of daily living have been an promising solution. As the age profile of many societies continues to increase, in addition to the increasing population of people affected by chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, obesity, and so on, supporting health, both mentally and physically, is of increasing importance if independent living is to be maintained. ![]()
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